Chapter: Mastering Italian Prepositions: DI, A, DA, IN, CON, SU, PER, TRA/FRA

Introduction

Italian prepositions are essential connectors in the language, helping to clarify relationships of time, place, movement, and possession. In this chapter, we will explore the prepositions DI, A, DA, IN, CON, SU, PER, TRA, and FRA. We will also cover preposizioni articolate (prepositional contractions), which are formed when prepositions combine with definite articles. You’ll find detailed explanations, examples, and exercises based on your original notes, as well as links to interactive activities to enhance your learning.

Preposizioni Semplici (Simple Prepositions)

Preposizione

Meaning

di

of, from

a

to, at

da

from, by

in

in

con

with

su

on

per

for

tra/fra

between, among

Preposizioni Articolate (Prepositions Combined with Definite Articles)

Preposizione + Definite Article

Masculine Singular

Feminine Singular

Masculine Plural

Feminine Plural

di + il, lo, l’, i, gli, la, le

del, dello, dell'

della, dell'

dei, degli

delle

a + il, lo, l’, i, gli, la, le

al, allo, all'

alla, all'

ai, agli

alle

da + il, lo, l’, i, gli, la, le

dal, dallo, dall'

dalla, dall'

dai, dagli

dalle

in + il, lo, l’, i, gli, la, le

nel, nello, nell'

nella, nell'

nei, negli

nelle

su + il, lo, l’, i, gli, la, le

sul, sullo, sull'

sulla, sull'

sui, sugli

sulle

Explanation of Preposizioni Articolate in Context

1. With Places: Use a, in, da, and su depending on whether you’re indicating movement toward, being in a place, or the origin:
   • Example: Vado al cinema (I’m going to the cinema).
   • Example: Sono nella casa (I’m in the house).
2. With Possession or Quantity: di often means “of” when indicating possession or part of a whole:
   • Example: Il libro è della ragazza (The book is the girl’s).
   • Example: Un bicchiere di vino (A glass of the wine).
   • Una bottiglia d’acqua (a bottle of water)
   • Un tavolo di legno ( a wooden table)
3. Expressing Time or Duration: Prepositions like da and per are commonly used for time or duration:
   • Example: Lavoro qui da tre anni (I’ve been working here for three years).
   • Example: Parto per una settimana (I’m leaving for a week).

1. Preposition: DI (Of)

The preposition di is commonly used to indicate possession, origin, or description. It translates to “of” or “from.”

• Possession:
  • La casa è di Maria. (The house is Maria’s.)
  • Di chi è la casa? La casa è di Maria. (Whose house is it? It’s Maria’s house.)
• Origin:
  • Sono di Roma, tu sei di Budapest! (I am from Rome, you are from Budapest!)
  • Di dove sei? / Da dove vieni? (Where are you from? / Where do you come from?)
  • Di dove siete? Siamo di Budapest e lei è di Visaginas. (Where are you from? We are from Budapest and she is from Visaginas.)
  • Veniamo da Budapest, lei viene da Visaginas.

Preposizioni Articolate with DI
Di combines with definite articles to form preposizioni articolate.

Definite Article

Combined with DI

Example

il

del

La chiave del ragazzo (The boy’s key)

lo

dello

Il libro dello studente (The student’s book)

la

della

La macchina della signora (The lady’s car)

i

dei

I vestiti dei bambini (The children’s clothes)

gli

degli

Gli appunti degli studenti (The students’ notes)

le

delle

Le stanze delle donne (The women’s rooms)

The preposition “DI” and its compound form

STRUCTURE: preposizioni articolate (prepositional contractions), which are formed when prepositions combine with definite articles.

Combined form of DI:
di + il, lo, l’, i, gli, la, le
del, dello, dell’ della, dell’, dei, degli, delle

USE: The preposition “DI” in Italian is extremely versatile and can be used in several contexts.

Preposition: DI (Of)
1) commonly used to indicate possession, origin, or description. It translates to “of” or “from.”

2) commonly used as articolo partitivo (partitive article) where in italian the so called articoli partitivi are used to express an indefinite quantity or some of something. They can be translated as “some” or “any” in English and are formed by combining the preposition di (of) with a definite article.

Depending on context, you can find the following coumpound forms of DI:

1. il rumore del mare, le persone dello stadio, la foglia dell’albero, il quaderno della ragazza, il libro dell’amica, la palla dei cani, la piramide degli Egizi, il viaggio delle studentesse. (all indicate possession)
2. ho mangiato del pane, vorrei dello zucchero, posso avere dell’acqua?, la torta con della panna, il te con dell’anice, questi sono dei quaderni, degli studenti vanno a scuola, ho comprato delle mele. (all are partitive articles)

Exercise
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of di:

1. Questa è la penna _____ (di + il) professore.
2. I cani sono _____ (di + i) vicini.
3. La borsa è _____ (di + la) signora.

Please note that “In Italian, articoli partitivi (partitive articles) are used to express an indefinite quantity or some of something. They can be translated as “some” or “any” in English and are formed by combining the preposition di (of) with a definite article. (read Alphabet, Pronunciation, and Articles in Italian (Alfabeto, Pronuncia, e Articoli)

The preposition “di” in Italian is extremely versatile and can be used in several contexts.

Exercise
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of di:

1. Vorrei_____ (di + il) pane.
2. _____ (di + i) cani sono a casa.
3. La torta ha _____ (di + la) panna sopra.

Here’s a detailed look at its various uses with examples:

1. Indicating Possession:

“Di” is commonly used to express possession or relationships between people.

• Examples:
  • Il libro di Maria. (Maria’s book.)
  • La macchina di Giovanni. (Giovanni’s car.)
  • La casa di Paolo. (Paolo’s house.)

2. Indicating Origin or Source:

“Di” is used to specify the origin of something or someone.

• Examples:
  • Sono di Roma. (I am from Rome.)
  • Il vino è della Toscana. (The wine is from Tuscany.)
  • Una lettera di New York. (A letter from New York.)

3. Describing Material or Composition:

“Di” is used to describe what something is made of or composed of.

• Examples:
  • Una statua di marmo. (A statue made of marble.)
  • Un anello d’oro. (A gold ring.)
  • Una sedia di legno. (A wooden chair.)

4. Indicating Subject or Content:

When talking about the subject or content of something, “di” is used.

• Examples:
  • Un libro di storia. (A history book.)
  • Una discussione di politica. (A discussion about politics.)
  • Un articolo di giornale. (A newspaper article.)

5. Expressing Characteristics or Qualities:

“Di” is used to describe characteristics, qualities, or attributes of someone or something.

• Examples:
  • Una persona di talento. (A talented person.)
  • Un film di successo. (A successful film.)
  • Una giornata di sole. (A sunny day.)

6. Indicating a Partitive or Specific Quantity:

“Di” is used to express partitive articles or specific quantities.

• Examples:
  • Un po’ / un poco di zucchero. (A little sugar.)
  • Un bicchiere di acqua. (A glass of water.)
  • Due fette di pane. (Two slices of bread.)

7. Expressing Cause or Reason:

“Di” is used to explain the cause or reason behind an action or state.

• Examples:
  • Sono felice di vedere te (Sono felice di vederti). (I am happy to see you.)
  • Si preoccupa di troppe cose. (He/she worries about many things.)
  • Sono stanco di aspettare. (I’m tired of waiting.)

8. With Certain Verbs and Adjectives:

Certain verbs and adjectives are followed by “di” when introducing the object or complement.

• Examples with Verbs:
  • Parlare di qualcosa. (To talk about something.)
  • Pensare di fare qualcosa. (To think about doing something.)
  • Sognare di viaggiare. (To dream of traveling.)
• Examples with Adjectives:
  • Contento di vedere te. (Happy to see you.)
  • Deluso di non essere invitato. (Disappointed not to be invited.)
  • Orgoglioso di te. (Proud of you.)

9. Expressing Relationships or Connections:

“Di” can indicate relationships or connections between people or things.

• Examples:
  • Il marito di Maria. (Maria’s husband.)
  • Il collega di lavoro. (The work colleague.)
  • Il libro di cucina di Nonna. (Grandma’s cookbook.)

10. Indicating a Point in Time:

“Di” can be used to specify a point in time, usually in expressions related to dates and times.

• Examples:
  • Il giorno di Natale. (Christmas Day.)
  • La festa di compleanno. (The birthday party.)
  • Il mese di luglio. (The month of July.)

Comparison with Other Prepositions:

• “Di” vs. “A”: While “di” often indicates possession or origin (e.g., La casa di Maria - Maria’s house), “a” is used for direction or location (e.g., Vado a casa - I am going home).
• “Di” vs. “Per”: “Di” indicates possession or origin (e.g., Un regalo di Natale - A Christmas gift), while “per” is often used for purpose or benefit (e.g., Un regalo per te - A gift for you).

Understanding these various uses of “di” will help in mastering its application in different contexts, enhancing both comprehension and expression in Italian.

2. Preposition: A (To/At)

A is used to indicate location, destination, or time.

• Location/Movement:
  • Sono a casa. (I am at home.)
  • Vado a casa. (I am going home.)
  • Ci vediamo alle due! (We’ll see each other at 2!)
• Time:
  • Sono a scuola alle otto. (I am at school at 8.)
  • Vado a casa alle dieci. (I go home at 10.)

Preposizioni Articolate with A
When a is combined with definite articles, it forms:

Definite Article

Combined with A

Example

il

al

Vado al ristorante. (I go to the restaurant.)

lo

allo

Vado allo stadio. (I go to the stadium.)

la

alla

Vado alla festa. (I go to the party.)

i

ai

Parlo ai ragazzi. (I speak to the boys.)

gli

agli

Spiego agli studenti. (I explain to the students.)

le

alle

Parlo alle ragazze. (I speak to the girls.)

Exercise
Complete the sentences using a:

1. Arrivo _____ (a + il) lavoro alle nove.
2. Ci vediamo _____ (a + le) tre.
3. Vado _____ (a + gli) uffici domani.

1. Indicating Direction or Destination:

“A” is used to indicate the direction or destination of movement.

• Examples:
  • Vado a Roma. (I’m going to Rome.)
  • Partiamo a Milano domani. (We are leaving for Milan tomorrow.)
  • Camminiamo a scuola. (We walk to school.)

2. Indicating Location:

“A” can denote a specific place or location where something is happening.

• Examples:
  • Siamo a casa. (We are at home.)
  • Il libro è a scuola. (The book is at school.)
  • Lavoro al supermercato. (I work at the supermarket.)

3. Telling Time:

“A” is used to specify time.

• Examples:
  • La lezione inizia alle 9. (The lesson starts at 9.)
  • Arriverò a mezzogiorno. (I will arrive at noon.)
  • Partiamo a quest’ora domani. (We leave at this time tomorrow.)

4. Indicating Purpose or Function:

“A” can indicate the purpose or function of something.

• Examples:
  • Questo strumento è utile a misurare la temperatura. (This tool is useful for measuring temperature.)
  • Ho bisogno di una macchina da scrivere. (I need a typewriter.)
  • Deve andare a mangiare ( she has to go to eat)
  • Il libro è dedicato agli studenti. (The book is dedicated to the students.)

5. Addressing People:

When addressing or referring to someone directly, “a” is used.

• Examples:
  • Parla a Maria. (Talk to Maria.)
  • Ho dato il libro a Paolo. (I gave the book to Paolo.)
  • Scrivo a te. (I am writing to you.)

6. With Certain Verbs:

Some verbs require “a” to introduce the object or complement.

• Examples:
  • Credo a quello che dici. (I believe what you are saying.)
  • Pensiamo a(d) una soluzione. (We are thinking of a solution.)
  • Rispondo a una domanda. (I answer a question.)

7. With the Verb “Essere”:

“A” is used with the verb “essere” (to be) to indicate a location or an appointment.

• Examples:
  • Sono a casa. (I am at home.)
  • Siamo a una conferenza. (We are at a conference.)
  • L’appuntamento è alle 3. (The appointment is at 3.)

8. Indicating Age:

“A” can denote age when referring to someone’s age.

• Examples:
  • Mia sorella ha 10 anni. (My sister is 10 years old.)
  • Lui si e’ sposato a 25 anni. (He got married at 25 years old.)

9. Indicating Means or Mode:

“A” can describe the means or mode by which something is done.

• Examples:
  • Viaggio a piedi. (I travel on foot.)
  • Comunico a telefono. (I communicate by phone.)
  • Scrivo a penna. (I write with a pen.)

10. Expressing Relationships:

“A” can be used to express certain relationships or states.

• Examples:
  • È un amico a me caro. (He is a dear friend to me.)
  • Sono affezionato a quella città. (I am fond of that city.)

Fill-in-the-Blank Exercises

1. Vado _____ (a + il) mercato a comprare frutta.
2. Parliamo _____ (a + i) clienti nel pomeriggio.
3. Il concerto è _____ (a + le) otto di sera.
4. Domani vado _____ (a + la) biblioteca a studiare.
5. Luca è _____ (a + il) cinema con gli amici.
6. Cammino _____ (a + la) stazione ogni mattina.
7. Vado _____ (a + le) riunioni settimanali.
8. Il treno arriva _____ (a + le) cinque e mezza.
9. Ci vediamo _____ (a + il) parco domani.
10. Studio _____ (a + il) laboratorio di scienze.

Multiple-Choice Activities

1. Sono ____ università per una conferenza.
   a) a
   b) ai
   c) al
2. Marco va ____ banca a prelevare soldi.
   a) alla
   b) al
   c) alle
3. Il libro è ____ libreria vicino a casa tua.
   a) al
   b) alla
   c) ai
4. Ci vediamo ____ tre di pomeriggio.
   a) alle
   b) agli
   c) a
5. Il ristorante è ____ angolo della strada principale.
   a) agli
   b) al
   c) ai
6. Parlo ____ segretaria domani.
   a) a
   b) alla
   c) al
7. L’insegnante spiega la lezione ____ studenti.
   a) ai
   b) agli
   c) al
8. Lei parte ____ Milano alle sei del mattino.
   a) a
   b) ai
   c) per
9. Vado ____ supermercato a fare la spesa.
   a) allo
   b) al
   c) alla
10. Mi incontro ____ amico per un caffè.
    a) al
    b) con
    c) a

Matching Activity: Complete with the Correct Preposition

Match the sentences with the correct combined preposition:

1. Arrivo ___ lavoro.
   a) al
   b) alla
   c) agli
2. Vado ___ stazione per prendere il treno.
   a) allo
   b) alla
   c) agli
3. Sono ___ casa di mia madre.
   a) a
   b) alla
   c) alle
4. Parliamo ___ studenti della classe.
   a) ai
   b) agli
   c) alle
5. Partiamo ___ Roma domani mattina.
   a) a
   b) per
   c) al

These exercises cover different ways A is used with common vocabulary related to daily life. Let me know if you’d like to add more specific vocabulary or further refine the exercises!

Comparison with Other Prepositions:

• “A” vs. “In”: “A” often indicates a more specific point or direction (e.g., a casa - at home), while “in” generally refers to a broader location (e.g., in città - in the city).
  • Sono a scuola (I am at school) vs. Sono in Italia (I am in Italy).
• “A” vs. “Per”: “A” indicates destination or location, while “per” often implies purpose or function.
  • Vado a Milano (I’m going to Milan) vs. Questo è un regalo per te (This is a gift for you).

Understanding these various uses of “a” can help in mastering its application in different contexts, enhancing both comprehension and communication in Italian.

• FOCUS: Preposizione “A” in Italian Dishes: Grammar and Culture

In Italian, the preposition “a” has many uses, one of which is to indicate how something is prepared or served, particularly in the context of food. This is a vital aspect of both grammar and culture, reflecting the diversity of Italian cuisine and regional traditions.

Grammar: The Preposition “A” in Recipes

When referring to specific dishes, the preposition “a” is often combined with an adjective or a noun to describe the style of preparation or the key ingredient of the dish. In this context, “a” can be translated as “in the style of” or “with.”

Common Examples of Italian Dishes:

1. Pasta alla Norma
   • Meaning: “Pasta in the style of Norma” (a traditional Sicilian recipe).
   • Cultural Note: This dish is named after the opera Norma by composer Vincenzo Bellini, and it is a tribute to the art and culture of Sicily. It is typically made with tomatoes, eggplants, ricotta salata, and basil.
2. Pasta alla Puttanesca
   • Meaning: “Pasta in the style of the prostitute” (a bold and flavorful Neapolitan recipe).
   • Cultural Note: Despite its provocative name, puttanesca is a beloved southern Italian dish made with tomatoes, olives, capers, garlic, and anchovies. The dish’s origins are debated, but its quick and simple preparation is a testament to the resourcefulness of Italian cooking.
3. Pasta alla Carbonara
   • Meaning: “Pasta in the style of the carbonari” (charcoal workers).
   • Cultural Note: This Roman dish traditionally features eggs, pecorino cheese, guanciale (cured pork cheek), and black pepper. The origins of the name carbonara are linked to the Italian carbonari (charcoal workers), as it was a hearty meal they could easily prepare.

Cultural Significance:

The use of “alla” in dishes highlights the connection between Italian food and regional identity. Each recipe often reflects the history, resources, and tastes of a particular region. For example:

• Alla Norma is a distinctly Sicilian dish, tied to the island’s produce.
• Alla Puttanesca has its roots in Naples, a city known for its vibrant, bold flavors.
• Alla Carbonara originates from Rome, representing simple yet flavorful cuisine.

Usage in Other Contexts:

The preposition “a” is also widely used beyond food, such as in expressions of location (andiamo a Roma – we go to Rome), time (a mezzanotte – at midnight), and the indirect object (do un regalo a Maria – I give a gift to Maria). Its flexibility in the language makes it essential in everyday speech.

3. Preposition: DA (From/By)

DA is used to indicate origin, movement from, or an agent.

• Origin:
  • Vengo da Roma. (I come from Rome.)
  • Da dove vieni? (Where do you come from?)
• Expression of time/condition:
  • Sono da sola. (I am alone.)
  • Passare da (to pass by a place)
• Motion:
  • Vado da Milano a Napoli. (I go from Milan to Naples.)

Preposizioni Articolate with DA
Da combines with articles to form:

Definite Article

Combined with DA

Example

il

dal

Vengo dal mercato. (I come from the market.)

lo

dallo

Vengo dallo stadio. (I come from the stadium.)

la

dalla

Torno dalla scuola. (I return from school.)

i

dai

Arrivo dai parenti. (I arrive from the relatives.)

gli

dagli

Vengo dagli amici. (I come from the friends.)

le

dalle

Torno dalle vacanze. (I return from vacation.)

Exercise
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of da:

1. Parto _____ (da + il) lavoro alle sei.
2. Vengo _____ (da + gli) uffici.
3. Torno _____ (da + le) ferie.

The Preposition “Da” in Italian: A Guide to Its Usage for Places

In Italian, the preposition “da” is incredibly versatile, serving various grammatical purposes. One particularly important use is when “da” is used to refer to places, specifically indicating someone’s home or establishment. This is a key feature in everyday Italian, often showing up in expressions like da Nino, da Angelo, da me, or da voi.

Let’s break down the grammar and usage of “da” in these contexts:

Grammar: “Da” + Person as a Place

When “da” is combined with a person’s name, it typically means you’re going to or are at that person’s place. This can refer to someone’s home, business, or workplace.

1. Da + Proper Name
   • Example: Andiamo da Nino (We’re going to Nino’s house/business).
   • Explanation: In this case, da Nino means Nino’s home or, if Nino has a restaurant or shop, his business.
2. Da + First Person Pronoun
   • Example: Vieni da me stasera? (Are you coming to my place tonight?)
   • Explanation: Here, da me refers to the speaker’s house or location. This pattern is used with personal pronouns to indicate someone’s own place.
     • Da me = my place
     • Da te = your place
     • Da lui/lei = his/her place
     • Da noi = our place
     • Da voi = your (plural) place
     • Da loro = their place
3. Da + Establishment
   • Example: Mangiamo da Angelo (We’re eating at Angelo’s restaurant).
   • Explanation: Often, when referring to a business or establishment named after a person, “da” is used. This is common for restaurants, shops, and professional offices.

- Cultural Context: Using “Da” for Social Visits

Read more In Italian culture, meeting at someone’s house or going to their business is common, and using “da” simplifies this expression. Rather than specifying “house” or “restaurant,” Italians simply say da followed by the person’s name or pronoun:

• Passiamo da te domani? (Should we stop by your place tomorrow?)
• Ci vediamo da loro alle sette. (We’ll meet at their place at 7.)

This is a quick and friendly way to speak about locations without repeating the word for “house” (casa) or specifying the type of business.

Examples: “Da” as a Place

1. Meeting at Someone’s Place
   • Sono stato da Marco ieri sera.
     (I was at Marco’s place last night.)
2. Going to a Restaurant
   • Andiamo a cena da Luisa.
     (We’re going to Luisa’s restaurant for dinner.)
3. Inviting Someone Over
   • Vieni da noi questo fine settimana?
     (Are you coming over to our place this weekend?)

Summary

• “Da” is used to indicate someone’s home, place of work, or business.
• It’s commonly used with proper names (e.g., da Nino) or personal pronouns (e.g., da me, da te).
• This construction avoids the need to specify a type of location, making conversation simpler and more natural.
• Read more Exploring the Preposition “Da”: A Gateway to Places in Italian

4. Preposition: IN (In)

In is used for locations or motion towards large areas and enclosed spaces.

• Location/Season:
  • Abito in Germania. (I live in Germany.)
  • Sono in Italia. (I am in Italy.)
  • In estate fa caldo. (In summer, it is hot.)

Preposizioni Articolate with IN
In forms preposizioni articolate by merging with definite articles:

Definite Article

Combined with IN

Example

il

nel

Sono nel parco. (I am in the park.)

lo

nello

Sono nello studio. (I am in the studio.)

la

nella

Sono nella casa. (I am in the house.)

i

nei

Sono nei negozi. (I am in the shops.)

gli

negli

Abito negli appartamenti. (I live in the apartments.)

le

nelle

Passeggio nelle strade. (I walk in the streets.)

Exercise
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of in:

1. Vivo _____ (in + il) centro.
2. Passeggio _____ (in + le) vie.
3. Lavoro _____ (in + gli) uffici.

5. Preposition: CON (With)

Con means with and is used for companionship or means.

• Viaggio con l’aereo. (I travel by plane.)
• Sono con la macchina. (I am with the car.)

Preposizioni Articolate with CON
Typically, con does not combine with articles and is used separately:

Article

Combined with CON

Example

il

con il

Viaggio con il treno. (I travel by train.)

la

con la

Parlo con la maestra. (I speak with the teacher.)

Exercise
Complete the sentences with con:

1. Vengo _____ (con + il) mio amico.
2. Vado al cinema _____ (con+ la) mia amica.

-——-

The preposition “con” in Italian is quite versatile and is used in several contexts. Here’s a detailed look at its various uses with examples:

1. Expressing Accompaniment:

“Con” is used to indicate that someone or something is accompanied by another person or thing.

• Examples:
  • Vado al cinema con gli amici. (I’m going to the movies with friends.)
  • Ho pranzato con mia madre. (I had lunch with my mother.)
  • Viaggio con la mia famiglia. (I travel with my family.)

2. Indicating Means or Instrument:

“Con” is used to specify the means or instrument used to achieve something.

• Examples:
  • Scrivo con una penna. (I write with a pen.)
  • Taglio il pane con un coltello. (I cut the bread with a knife.)
  • Ho risolto il problema con il computer. (I solved the problem with the computer.)

3. Describing Characteristics or Qualities:

“Con” can be used to describe the characteristics or qualities of someone or something.

• Examples:
  • Una persona con talento. (A talented person.)
  • Una casa con giardino. (A house with a garden.)
  • Un libro con molte illustrazioni. (A book with many illustrations.)

4. Expressing Agreement or Disagreement:

“Con” can be used to express agreement or disagreement with someone or something.

• Examples:
  • Sono d’accordo con te. (I agree with you.)
  • Non sono d’accordo con questa decisione. (I disagree with this decision.)
  • Condivido le tue opinioni. (I share your opinions.)

5. Indicating Participation:

“Con” is used to indicate participation in an activity or event.

• Examples:
  • Partecipo al progetto con entusiasmo. (I participate in the project with enthusiasm.)
  • Ho collaborato con diversi colleghi. (I collaborated with several colleagues.)
  • Siamo stati coinvolti con il team di ricerca. (We were involved with the research team.)

6. Expressing Emotional States or Reactions:

“Con” can indicate emotional states or reactions associated with something.

• Examples:
  • Ho risposto con sorpresa. (I responded with surprise.)
  • Era felice con il risultato. (He/She was happy with the result.)
  • Parla con entusiasmo. (He/She speaks with enthusiasm.)

7. Indicating Context or Situational Factors:

“Con” can be used to describe the context or factors affecting a situation.

• Examples:
  • Con questo clima, è difficile uscire. (With this weather, it’s hard to go out.)
  • Con il traffico intenso, arriveremo tardi. (With the heavy traffic, we’ll arrive late.)
  • Con i problemi economici, non possiamo fare viaggi. (With the economic problems, we cannot travel.)

8. Showing a Relationship or Connection:

“Con” is used to show a relationship or connection between people or things.

• Examples:
  • Una connessione con il passato. (A connection with the past.)
  • Un rapporto con il cliente. (A relationship with the client.)
  • Un legame con la cultura. (A bond with the culture.)

Comparison with Other Prepositions:

• “Con” vs. “Per”: “Con” often indicates accompaniment or means (e.g., con gli amici - with friends), while “per” is used for purpose or benefit (e.g., per te - for you).
• “Con” vs. “A”: “Con” is used for accompaniment or means (e.g., con una penna - with a pen), while “a” often indicates direction or location (e.g., vado a casa - I am going home).

Understanding these various uses of “con” will enhance your ability to use this preposition correctly in different contexts and improve both comprehension and expression in Italian.

6. Preposition: SU (On/About)

Su indicates location or topic.

• Il libro è sul tavolo. (The book is on the table.)
• Questo libro è sul COVID. (This book is about COVID.)

Preposizioni Articolate with SU
Su combines with articles to form:

Definite Article

Combined with SU

Example

il

sul

La rivista è sul tavolo. (The magazine is on the table.)

lo

sullo

Il libro è sullo scaffale. (The book is on the shelf.)

la

sulla

La lampada è sulla scrivania. (The lamp is on the desk.)

i

sui

I documenti sono sui tavoli. (The documents are on the tables.)

gli

sugli

I libri sono sugli scaffali. (The books are on the shelves.)

le

sulle

Le riviste sono sulle scrivanie. (The magazines are on the desks.)

Exercise
Complete the following using su:

1. Metti il libro _____ (su + il) tavolo.
2. L’informazione è _____ (su + le) riviste.
3. Il documento è _____ (su + lo) scaffale.

1. “Su” as “on” or “over”:

This is the most common use of “su.” It indicates a position on a surface or a figurative position.

• Examples:
  • Il libro è sul tavolo. (The book is on the table.)
  • Parliamo su questo argomento. (Let’s talk about this topic.)

2. “Su” in Expressions of Subject Matter:

“Su” can be used to indicate the subject or topic of something, often in written or spoken forms.

• Examples:
  • Un libro su Pinocchio. (A book about Pinocchio.)
  • Un articolo su politica. (An article on politics.)
  • Un film su elezioni. (A film about elections.)

3. “Su” in Contexts of Media or Content:

When referring to media content, “su” often indicates the subject matter or the focus of the content.

• Examples:
  • Una trasmissione sulla storia. (A broadcast about history.)
  • Una serie TV sulla geografia. (A TV series about geography.)
  • Un’ approfondimento sul Covid (A focus on Covid)

4. “Su” for Opinions or Beliefs:

“Su” can also be used when expressing opinions or beliefs about something.

• Examples:
  • Ho una buona opinione su di lui. (I have a good opinion about him.)
  • Cosa pensi su questa proposta? (What do you think about this proposal?)

5. “Su” for Mention or Reference:

It can be used to make a reference or mention of something in a broader sense.

• Examples:
  • Hai letto quel libro su musica? (Did you read that book about music?)
  • Ho sentito parlare di un articolo su questo tema. (I heard about an article on this topic.)

Usage Compared to “Di”:

While “su” is used for topics and subject matter, “di” is more commonly used for possession or belonging and can denote specifics like “di storia” (of history) or “di geografia” (of geography). For instance, “un libro di storia” (a history book) focuses on the category or field, while “un libro su storia” (a book about history) emphasizes the subject matter.

Including these distinctions in your book could help learners understand the nuances of “su” in different contexts, complementing the explanations of other prepositions like “di.”

7. Preposition: PER (For, Through)

Per is used to express purpose, duration, or motion through.

• Vado al supermercato per comprare il latte. (I go to the supermarket to buy milk.)
• Ho ricevuto un pacco per posta. (I received a package through the mail.)

Common Uses of PER:

• Purpose: Studio per imparare l’italiano. (I study to learn Italian.)
• Duration: Rimango a Roma per tre giorni. (I stay in Rome for three days.)
• Manner: Viaggio per nave. (I travel by ship.)

1. Purpose or Intended Use:

“Per” is often used to express the purpose of an action or the intended use of something.

• Examples:
  • Questo libro è per te. (This book is for you.)
  • Ho comprato un regalo per il tuo compleanno. (I bought a gift for your birthday.)
  • Una macchina per cucire. (A sewing machine.)

2. Duration of Time:

“Per” can indicate the duration of time for which an action occurs.

• Examples:
  • Sono in vacanza per due settimane. (I’m on vacation for two weeks.)
  • Lavorerò qui per un anno. (I will work here for a year.)

3. Reason or Cause:

“Per” is used to explain the reason or cause behind an action.

• Examples:
  • Sono preoccupato per il suo comportamento. (I am worried about his behavior.)
  • Ha ricevuto una multa per eccesso di velocità. (He received a fine for speeding.)

4. By Means of:

When describing the means or method by which something is done, “per” is used.

• Examples:
  • Viaggio per treno. (I travel by train.)
  • Contattami per email. (Contact me by email.)

5. Exchange or Payment:

“Per” can indicate the exchange of goods or services or a payment.

• Examples:
  • Ho comprato il libro per 20 euro. (I bought the book for 20 euros.)
  • Pago per il pranzo. (I pay for lunch.)

6. Beneficiary or Recipient:

“Per” is used to denote the person who benefits from an action or to whom something is given.

• Examples:
  • Questo regalo è per mia madre. (This gift is for my mother.)
  • Ho scritto una lettera per il mio amico. (I wrote a letter for my friend.)

7. Direction or Goal:

“Per” can indicate the direction towards a goal or destination.

• Examples:
  • Partiamo per Roma. (We are leaving for Rome.)
  • Camminiamo per la città. (We walk through the city.)

8. In Exchange for Something:

“Per” can be used when referring to the exchange or trade of items.

• Examples:
  • Ho scambiato il libro per un altro. (I exchanged the book for another one.)
  • Ho venduto il mio orologio per 100 euro. (I sold my watch for 100 euros.)

9. Measurement or Rate:

“Per” is used to describe rates or measurements.

• Examples:
  • Il prezzo è 10 euro per pezzo. (The price is 10 euros per piece.)
  • L’auto va a 100 km per ora. (The car goes at 100 km per hour.)

Comparison with “Di”:

• “Per” is generally used to indicate purpose, cause, or means, while “di” often denotes possession or origin. For example:
  • Una lettera per te (A letter for you) vs. Una lettera di Marco (A letter from Marco).
  • Per motivi di salute (For health reasons) vs. Motivi di salute (Health reasons).

This detailed exploration of “per” should provide a solid understanding of its various uses and how it contrasts with other prepositions.

8. Prepositions: TRA/FRA (Between/Among)

TRA and FRA are interchangeable and mean “between,” “among,” or indicate future time.

• Ci vediamo tra poco. (We’ll see each other soon.)
• Il treno arriva fra cinque minuti. (The train arrives in five minutes.)
• Tra gli amici, lui è il più simpatico. (Among friends, he is the nicest.)

Exercise
Complete with tra/fra:

1. Arriviamo _____ cinque minuti.
2. Il libro è _____ gli altri.

The prepositions “tra” and “fra” in Italian are often used interchangeably, but they can have subtle differences in usage depending on the context. Here’s a comprehensive look at both:

1. Tra and Fra for Time:

Both “tra” and “fra” can be used to indicate a period of time between now and a future point.

• Examples with “tra”:
  • Tra due giorni andrò al mare. (In two days, I will go to the sea.)
  • La festa è tra una settimana. (The party is in a week.)
• Examples with “fra”:
  • Fra tre mesi partirò per l’America. (In three months, I will leave for America.)
  • Il film inizierà fra dieci minuti. (The movie will start in ten minutes.)

In most cases, “tra” and “fra” can be used interchangeably to indicate future time.

2. Tra and Fra for Spatial Relationships:

Both prepositions are used to describe locations or positions between two or more entities.

• Examples with “tra”:
  • La casa è tra il negozio e la banca. (The house is between the shop and the bank.)
  • Il gatto è nascosto tra i cuscini. (The cat is hidden among the cushions.)
• Examples with “fra”:
  • La biblioteca è fra la scuola e il parco. (The library is between the school and the park.)
  • Camminiamo fra gli alberi. (We walk among the trees.)

3. Tra and Fra for Abstract Concepts:

They can also denote a relationship or position between abstract concepts or groups.

• Examples with “tra”:
  • C’è una grande differenza tra i due approcci. (There is a big difference between the two approaches.)
  • Il dialogo tra le culture è importante. (Dialogue between cultures is important.)
• Examples with “fra”:
  • Fra amici, è normale condividere tutto. (Among friends, it is normal to share everything.)
  • C’è tensione fra le due fazioni. (There is tension between the two factions.)

4. Tra and Fra for Comparisons:

When comparing or contrasting two entities, both prepositions can be used.

• Examples with “tra”:
  • Tra il mare e la montagna, preferisco la montagna. (Between the sea and the mountains, I prefer the mountains.)
• Examples with “fra”:
  • Fra le due proposte, quale ti sembra migliore? (Between the two proposals, which one seems better?)

Usage Tips:

• Synonymity: In many cases, “tra” and “fra” are interchangeable, especially when referring to time or spatial relationships. The choice between them can often come down to personal preference or regional usage.
• Regional Preferences: There might be regional preferences for one over the other in certain contexts, but generally, they can be used interchangeably without changing the meaning.

Comparison with Other Prepositions:

• “Tra/Fra” vs. “In”: “Tra” and “fra” often denote a position or time between two points or entities, whereas “in” is used for more general locations or time periods.
  • Tra/Fra due giorni (In two days) vs. In due giorni (In two days, referring more generally to the time frame).

Understanding the subtle nuances of “tra” and “fra” can help clarify their usage in different contexts and improve both comprehension and expression in Italian.

Additional Interactive Resources

• Preposizioni semplici – Practice basic prepositions with this interactive quiz.
• Preposizioni articolate – Test your understanding of preposizioni articolate.

Exercises

1. Fill in the Blanks with the Correct Preposizione Articolata:

(Use the correct combination of prepositions with articles: del, della, dello, dei, delle, al, alla, allo, etc.)

a. Vado ______ parco domani.
b. Il libro è ______ tavolo.
c. Sono tornato ______ vacanza.
d. Vuoi un bicchiere ______ acqua?
e. Metti il quaderno ______ zaino.
f. Abito ______ campagna vicino Firenze.

2. Translate the following sentences into Italian using Preposizioni Articolate:

a. The keys are on the table.
b. We are going to the city center.
c. I bought some fruit from the market.
d. He lives in the mountains.
e. The pizza is for the children.
f. She is with her friends in the park.

3. Match the Sentence with the Correct Preposition:

1. Vado ____ scuola.
2. Il libro è ____ scrivania.
3. Vivo ____ Italia.
4. Parto ____ Roma.
5. Il regalo è ____ Maria.

a) in
b) per
c) a
d) su
e) da

Answers and Explanation:

1. Fill in the Blanks:

a. al (Vado al parco domani.)
b. sul (Il libro è sul tavolo.)
c. dalla (Sono tornato dalla vacanza.)
d. dell’ (Vuoi un bicchiere dell’ acqua?)
e. nello (Metti il quaderno nello zaino.)
f. in (Abito in campagna vicino Firenze.)

2. Translations:

a. Le chiavi sono sul tavolo.
b. Andiamo al centro città.
c. Ho comprato della frutta dal mercato.
d. Lui vive in montagna.
e. La pizza è per i bambini.
f. Lei è con i suoi amici al parco.

3. Match the Sentence with the Correct Preposition:
4. c (Vado a scuola.)
5. d (Il libro è su scrivania.)
6. a (Vivo in Italia.)
7. e (Parto da Roma.)
8. b (Il regalo è per Maria.)

These exercises should provide a solid foundation in working with both preposizioni semplici and preposizioni articolate.

This chapter introduces you to the core prepositions of Italian, providing exercises and examples to help solidify your learning. Be sure to use the interactive resources linked throughout to further enhance your practice.